Sarafem

By P. Mason. University of California, Santa Cruz.

Examination of the chest: The standard examination of the chest will reveal conditions such as pleural effusions generic 20mg sarafem free shipping menopause 42, pneumothorax, localised consolidation, basal fibrosis, bronchiectasis etc. Investigations Chest radiograph An essential investigation in diagnosing respiratory disease. Because of this, it is prudent to be careful when interpreting subtle and minor radiological appearances which could be artefactual. It is mandatory that the person who did the procedure checks the chest radiograph. Always look carefully at the margins of the lung fields for air in the pleural space. PaO2 The partial pressure of oxygen determines the degree of oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SaO ). The arterial oxygen content is dependent on the2 oxygen saturation and the haemoglobin. Thus the arterial oxygen content is determined by the following formula: Arterial O content = (SaO x Hb x 1. A small2 2 fall in PaO will not drop the SaO much, and hence, will not affect arterial2 2 oxygen content. Oxygen delivery to the tissues is dependent on the arterial oxygen content and the cardiac output. If the blood pressure is low, even though the arterial oxygen content is adequate, tissue oxygen delivery will be low. If oxygen utilisation in the tissues exceeds oxygen delivery, the cells revert to anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acidosis. The pulse oxymeter measures phasic changes in the intensity of transmitted light – hence, it works only with pulsating arteries, thus eliminating possible errors created by light reflection from other tissues.

A study conducted at the Muhimbili Medical Center in Dar es Salaam generic sarafem 20mg on-line menstrual heavy bleeding, for instance, has shown that 50 per cent of women between 15 and 24 years of age have been hospitalized because of abortion related complications. A further challenge for maternal–fetal medicine is the vicious circle that follows when young girls with unplanned pregnancies drop out of school, and thus miss out on the information they would need in order to improve their own and their children’s health and to plan the size of their family. After all, those who have the least access to information, to health services, to the right to make critical decisions and choices, are the easiest victims of any serious disease. At the same time, however, we need to acknowledge that the advice given or the methods of care suggested can sometimes lead the patient and her family to reject essential medical help, turning instead to self-help or the less professional and sometimes straight- forwardly harmful advice and treatment of traditional healers. In Mara Region in Tanzania, for instance, a high number of women seek help from traditional healers rather than professionals with modern (often Western) medical training. The result has been that many of them die annually from complications, such as prolonged labour pains, excessive bleeding and burst- ing of the womb when giving birth, because of the use of untested traditional medicine during labour (Howard, 1995: pp. Sometimes this rejec- tion of modern medicine occurs because the patient and/or her family and community feel oVended by the physician’s interference in their value or belief systems. Sometimes the cause lies in the particular treatment (family planning, abortion, Caesarean delivery, prenatal testing or blood transfusion) which in itself oVends against particular cultural norms. Feminist bioethics and respect for difference From a universalist point of view in maternal–fetal medicine and reproduc- tive health care, the immensity of women’s health problems in many socie- ties, particularly in the developing world, is related to the social constraints on women’s lives. In order to improve women’s health we not only need more health care and medical resources, we also need to improve women’s social position and promote women’s rights within their communities. However, controversial as it may sound, attempts to respect an individual’s rights and autonomy within some traditional and mainly patriarchal cultures 50 S. Let us take an example of how liberal promotion of the same standards everywhere and insensitivity to social inXuence can reinforce existing struc- tural discrimination and injustice.

She gave him the names of all the people she had worked with and the organisations from which she had received her qualifications buy discount sarafem 10mg on line womens health specialist yuma az. As well as Elizabeth Marsh, east London readers of the People could have justifiably taken offence. It is the contention of those who work with this system that the crystal structure is not only personal to the patient but also can indicate problems in different areas of the body. Results of Signalysis tests come back to the practitioner from the Signalysis laboratory in Gloucestershire, in the form of charts. In the event, Elizabeth Marsh did not consider that the bogus patient Mark Howard needed a Signalysis test. Determined to continue her work, Marsh began seeing people at her home where she used her study as a consulting room. Julia Watson was a writer of romantic novels, under the pen name of Julia Fitzgerald. In May 1989, she had been diagnosed as having ovarian cancer; she was operated on and her ovaries and fallopian tubes removed. Despite an apparent recovery from the cancer, in September 1989 her abdomen began to swell and she became unwell again. Julia Watson had for years been opposed to orthodox medicine, she was a staunch vegetarian who even treated the family pets homoeopathically. The physical signs that she was seriously ill were obviously apparent: her swollen abdomen, distended with fluid, made her appear pregnant. Elizabeth Marsh carried out basic diagnostic tests during a three-hour consultation.